Originally Posted by
Nothin4ever
Originally Posted by
thekryptonite
Originally Posted by
IheartDrums
Yeah, i'd leave her........
YEAH ANY CHICK WHO " SKIPS COURT"
& WANTS TO ACT LIKE A OUTLAW
IS A FOOL & PROBABLY A JUNKIE ONSOMETHING !
:SIDENOTE:...JUST TELLING YOU OFF EXPERIENCE SEEN IT HAPPEN MANY TIMES
& THEY STILL STICK WITH THEM SMH
[h1]Proofreading[/h1][h3]From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia[/h3]
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This article is about the detection and correction of errors in written work. For proofreading in
DNA replication, see
Proofreading (biology).
Proofreading (also
proof-reading) traditionally is the
reading of a
galley proof of
text or
art to detect and correct production errors.
Computerization has required proofreaders to increasingly adopt skill-sets general to
desktop publishing.
[h2][
edit] Proofreading in printing and publishing[/h2]
A proof copy is a version of a
manuscript that has been
typeset after
copy editing. Proof typescripts often contain
typographical errors introduced by mistyping (hence the word
typoto refer to misplaced, missing or incorrect characters). Traditionally,a proofreader checks the typeset copy and marks any errors usingstandard
proofreaders' marks showing what is to be corrected (such as those specified in
style manuals, by house style, or, more broadly, by the international standard
ISO 5776, or, for English, the
British Standard BS-5261:2). This process may be known as a
line edit.The proof is then returned to the typesetter for correction. It iscommon practice for all corrections, no matter how slight, to be givento a proofreader to be checked and initialed. Such correction-cycleproofs will typically have one descriptive term, such as
bounce,
bump, or
revise unique to the department or organization and used for clarity to the strict exclusion of any other.
Proofreading is considered a specific skill that must be learnedbecause it is in the nature of the mind to correct errorsautomatically. Someone not trained in proofreading may not see errorssuch as missing words or improper usage because their mind is showingthem what it is trained to recognize as correct.
The term
proofreading is sometimes used incorrectly to refer to
copy editing.This is a separate activity, although there is some overlap between thetwo. Proofreading consists of reviewing any text, either hard copy on
paper or electronic copy on a
computer,and checking for typos and formatting errors. This may be done eitheragainst an original document or "blind" (without checking against anyother source). Many modern proofreaders are also required to take onsome light copy-editing duties, such as checking for
grammar and consistency issues.
[h2][
edit] Methods of proofreading[/h2]
There are principally three traditional ways to proofread. The first is described above. The second method is called
copy holding or
copy readingand employs two readers per proof. The first reads the text aloudliterally as it appears, usually at a comparatively fast but uniformrate of speed. The second reader follows along and marks any pertinentdifferences between what is read and what was typeset. This method isappropriate for large quantities of
boilerplate text where it is assumed that the number of errors will be comparatively small.
Experienced copy holders employ various codes and verbal short-cuts that accompany their reading. The spoken word
digits for example means that the numbers about to be read aren't words spelled out; and
in a hole can mean that the upcoming segment of text is within parenthesis.
Bang means an exclamation point. A
thumpmade with a finger on the table represents the initial cap, comma,period, or similar obvious attribute being read simultaneously. Thusthe line of text
(He said the address was 1234 Central Blvd., and to hurry!) would be read aloud as:
in a hole [thump]
he said the address was digits 1 2 3 4 [thump]
central [thump]
buluhvuhd [thump]
comma and to hurry bang.Mutual understanding is the only guiding principal, so codes evolve asopportunity permits. In the above example, two thumps after
buluhvuhd might be acceptable to proofreaders familiar with the text.
The third method is often termed
double reading. A singleproofreader checks a proof in the traditional manner, but then passesit on to a second reader who repeats the process. Both initial theproof. Since copy holding and double-reading are based on pairs ofreaders, responsibility is necessarily divided.
A fourth method, in which a proof is visually scanned but not readword for word, has become common with computerization of typesettingand the popularization of
word processing. Many publishers have their own proprietary typesetting systems,[sup]
[1][/sup] while their customers use commercial programs such as
Word.Before the data in a Word file can be published, it must be convertedinto a format used by the publisher. The end product is usually calleda
conversion. If a customer has already proofread the contentsof a file before giving it to their publisher, there will be no reasonfor another proofreader to re-read it from copy (although thisadditional service may be requested and paid for). Instead, thepublisher is held responsible only for formatting errors, such astypeface, page width, and alignment of columns in tables; andproduction errors such as text inadvertently deleted. To simplifymatters further, a given conversion will usually be assigned a specific
template.Given typesetters of sufficient skill, experienced proofreaders canscan such pages with accuracy without reading the text for errors thatneither they nor their typesetters are responsible for.
[h2][
edit] In fiction[/h2]
Examples of proofreaders in fiction include
The History of the Siege of Lisbon (
Historia do Cerco de Lisboa), a novel of 1989 by Nobel laureate
Jose Saramago and the short story
Proofs in
George Steiner's
Proofs and Three Parables (1992).
[h2][
edit] See also[/h2]
[h2][
edit] References[/h2]
- ^ See 1983, http://www.bowne.com/about/timeline.asp
[h2][
edit] [/h2]
